In recent years, DESY has dedicated significant effort to the development of an open-source FPGA framework named FWK. This initiative is geared towards expediting FPGA development within the scientific community, with a particular focus on experimental physics applications. The framework functions as an abstraction layer, streamlining the utilization of diverse FPGA vendor tools, facilitating IP integration, simplifying register and documentation creation, and offering a host of additional advantages. In conjunction with FWK, DESY is committed to providing numerous IPs as open-source resources that seamlessly integrate with the framework. This presentation is intended to provide a comprehensive overview of the framework, accompanied by concrete examples drawn from real-world applications.

Electrical measurements of fast signals, as generated in particle accelerators, encounter severe limitations due to the high-frequency losses in RF transmission lines. This study describes measurements conducted with electro-optical modulators employing various radio-over-fibre techniques. Experimental data consist of different beam-generated signals, which underline the versatility of such a system. Signals from electromagnetic devices such as wall current monitors, as well as those captured from coherent transition radiation screens and coherent Cherenkov diffraction radiators, are presented. The potential deployment of such a remote sensing acquisition system in large-scale facilities is discussed.

A new digital signal acquisition and processing platform for beam instruments at IMP is designed and realized based on Zynq MPSoC FPGA. Two FMC mezzanine slots are featured for analogue front-end electronics and analogue-to-digital converting, as well as for the WR timing. The real-time data communication between different platforms is realized through multi-gigabit links. To facilitate the real-time data transmission from PL to PS, an universal technology for high-speed, multi-channel data transmission is developed, where two channels can achieve a transmission rate of up to 2 GB/s in a 64-bit data stream with a maximum clock of 250 MHz per channel, and the other two can achieve a data-throughput of 1.28 GB/s in a 512-bit width with a maximum clock of 20 MHz individually. This technology has been verified by the synchrotron BPMs for simultaneous transmission of the raw data with a sampling rate of 250 Msps from each electrode, the turn-by-turn trajectory data, as well as the orbit data without any conflict. Additionally the trajectory data are processed on an Arm Cortex-R5F real-time processor integrated on the MPSoC to get a real-time tune measurement. Till now the platform is implemented and operated at IMP machines for all beam instruments such as beam current, BPMs, beam loss measurement and so on. From on-line operation, the platform have an excellent performance and good long-term stability. Also the platform is utilized for the HIAF machine protection system.

This paper presents a comprehensive solution for the real-time collection and analysis of BPM telemetry data using Kafka and the ELK stack. It includes the transmission of PV variables from BPM electronic devices to the Kafka message queue, thus realizing a powerful and scalable data streaming process. By retrieving JSON formatted data from Kafka using the ELK stack, efficient data indexing and visualization in Kibana are achieved. The paper details the architectural design, implementation details, and the advantages of using Kafka as a BPM data dissemination center. This integration not only enhances the performance and reliability of the data processing pipeline but also provides physicists and engineers with powerful tools for the real-time visualization and monitoring of BPM data. Our approach has shown significant improvements in data accessibility, searchability, and real-time analytics, offering profound implications for future research and development in the instrumentation and diagnostics of particle accelerators.

SOLARIS, as a big-science facility, is obliged to provide the best possible conditions for conducting research. Due to the complex nature of synchrotron subsystems, we have met our needs and created the most convenient control system possible. The result of our work is a new graphical application for operators offering high level control over the most crucial subsystems of the synchrotron during beam injection and ramping. Moreover operator has now possibility to manage newly implemented mechanism for beam correction at one place. Application was developed in Python based on Tango Controls framework and PyQt library.

The Shanghai High repetition rate XFEL and Extreme light facility (SHINE) accelerates electrons to 8GeV with a high repetition rate of up to 1MHz. For the transverse beam profile measurement in the high energy sections wire scanner is used as an essential part of the accelerator diagnostic system, providing the tool to measure small beam size in an almost non-destructive manner. The prototype of the data acquisition and processing platform of wire scanner is designed and installed at the Shanghai soft X-ray Free Electron Laser (SXFEL) for verification. The experimental results show that the platform can be used for the SHINE.

A generic signal processor has been developed for beam diagnostic system in SHINE. The stand-alone processor is used for the signal processing of stripline BPM, cavity BPM, cold button BPM, beam arrival measurement, bunch length measurement and other diagnostic systems. The main core is a SoC FPGA, which contains both quad-core ARM and FPGA on a chip. The ARM runs LINUX OS and EPICS IOC, and FPGA performs peripheral interfaces and high-speed real-time signal processing. An FMC carrier ADC board is mounted, which can sample 4 channels input signal with a maximum sampling rate of 1GSPS. The processor is equipped with a White Rabbit timing card, which can realize 1MHz high repetition rate synchronous measurement. Lab test results and on-line beam tests prove that the processor has high performance. This paper will introduce the processor development and applications on SHINE.

The Beam Loss Monitoring system (BLM) for the HEPS booster ring consists of 27 plastic scintillators and 4 optical fibers. An open source hardware is used in the data acquisition of the Scintillator BLM system, to monitor the beam loss during the injection and energy ramping process. Design details and application is described in this paper and the commissioning results of is also present.

We present the MicroTCA.4 electronics, an AMC-RTM pair, for direct sampling of wideband signals with high-speed ADCs, versatile digital signal processing with a SoC FPGA and driving of wideband signals with high-speed DACs. Its core component is the Zynq UltraScale+ RFSoC Gen 3. The RFSoC IC was mainly designed for the telecommunication and RADAR systems, however, it is also planned for man-ifold scientific experiments, which are shortly introduced in this paper. Not only a multiple of diagnostics can be implemented, but also wideband feedbacks due to driving capabilities of DACs. A hardware architecture is presented, which provides in-formation how the modules can be set up and configured for a particular application. The performance and functionali-ties are discussed with special focus on system noise, which is a great importance for high-precision scientific research.

The primary function of the HEPS (High Energy Photon Source) collimator is to intercept lost particles induced by the Touschek effect, thus localizing beam loss and reducing it outside the collimator region. It also acts as a dump in emergency situations to meet equipment protection requirements. The collimator control system utilizes EtherCAT bus technology for precise motion control of the scraper. It interfaces with the EPICS system through modbusTCP, enabling remote operation from the HEPS control room. Due to its location in a high-radiation zone, the control system's drive components were selected for their special radiation resistance. On-site testing confirmed stable, precise movement of scraper meeting design requirements, and smooth operation of the remote control system.

The embedded EPICS control system for beam measurement is implemented based on the Zynq 7z020 SoC, which enables efficient and reliable real-time data acquisition, transmission, processing, and PV publishing of embedded IOCs. The data acquisition module uses a 24-bit ADC with a sampling frequency of 10Msps, which enables continuous sampling and data processing of detector signals, and interlocking signals can be output within 10μs. Data transmission and communication from the PL to the PS is achieved through the AXI bus, and the real-time data of different BRAMs and registers is accessed by manipulating memory base addresses and offsets. The ADC raw data with a continuous data rate of 200K/s can be stored without losing points. Through long-term online testing, the beam measurement electronics system can accurately monitor beam signals, output interlocking signals in a timely manner, and the software and hardware systems work stably and reliably for a long time. It can be widely used for signal measurement of beam loss, CT, Faraday cup, integral coil, power ripple, ionization chamber, wire scanner, etc.

A series of upgrades has now begun to industrialize the applications of the experimental IPM electron LINAC. This includes upgrading the control system of the diagnostics tools and adding new tools and equipment to the system as well. The aim is to build an integrated control system to collect and manage all diagnostics signals. This will allow us to continuously monitor and archive all of the beam parameters for LINAC performance analysis and improvement. It is hence decided to migrate from LabVIEW to an EPICS-based control system which has many advantages in this regard. In the meantime, it is also required to employ more modern equipment with better control interfaces and add some extra diagnostics tools to the system as well. So during this upgrade, most of the job would be developing new control interfaces and high-level applications accordingly. In this paper, after a brief summary of the current diagnostics tools and our motivation for this upgrade, the scheme of the new control system and how different parts are integrated to the EPICS framework will be described.

A data monitoring system based on CA and EPICS designed for particle accelerators is proposed, which leverages Docker containers for deployment and integrates InfluxDB for data storage and Grafana for data visualization. The Data Collection Engine built with Python gathers data through EPICS Channel Access, caches it temporarily, and stores it permanently in InfluxDB. A two-level cache design is used to optimize data access. The monitoring system also offers a web application for configuration management and a web application for online data access and visualization in real-time, which provides a powerful and user-friendly solution for data collection, storage, visualization, and management in particle accelerator experiments.

A superconducting cyclotron-based proton therapy system has been developed at the China Institute of Atomic Energy (CIAE). For the 230MeV proton thera-py cyclotron (CYCIAE-230), the beam profile is cru-cial for the adaptation of the proton therapy planning system and an important basis for the commissioning of the beam line. CIAE designed the scanning wires device for the proton therapy facility, which is for high-resolution profile measurements. A readout elec-tronics unit with fA resolution has been included to adapt to the small signal of scanning wires. The data process unit uses ZYNQ-7035 together with 24-bit ADCs and transmits measurement results via MOD-BUS TCP protocol. The diagnostic electronics are placed close to the beam profile monitors (BPM) to reduce the analogue signal transmission distance. To adapt to the mode of the pulse beam during the beam-line commissioning, using the RF system signal trigger sampling, to prevent the signal aliasing. Besides that, a Butterworth filter and a mean filter were used to filter measurement noise. The design of this scanning wire diagnostic system will be reviewed in this paper, to-gether with several measurement results.

Beam position monitors are critical to ensuring that particle beams pass correctly through the various components of an accelerator, especially in high-precision experimental facilities such as colliders and synchrotron radiation sources. In recent years, in order to improve the performance and reliability of BPM systems, electronic systems based on MicroTCA have been widely developed and applied. MicroTCA is an advanced modular electronic platform that supports multiple AMC boards to operate on the same backplane and achieves a high degree of data integration and processing capabilities through high-speed backplane interconnection. In addition, the advanced management functions provided by the MicroTCA platform, such as power management, cooling control and module monitoring, further enhance system reliability and stability. The AMC board core chip developed in this study is based on Xilinx KU060 FPGA and has powerful data processing capabilities; the AMC connector supports Ethernet and 4-lane PCIe Gen3 links; it adopts the Zone3 adapter+dual FMC architecture, which can receive RTM transmission through Zone3 In addition to the signals. It can also directly use the FMC card to receive signals through the AMC front panel, supporting up to 16 channels of 125MHz ADC. In addition to core functions, this AMC board also has a data pre-processing function, which can perform preliminary processing and compression of data before sending it to the MCH.

In an accelerator, the Beam Position Monitor (BPM), which typically consists of beam position probe and electronics, plays a role of providing information on the position of the beam in the vacuum chamber at the monitor location. The low-level RF (LLRF) control system is mainly used to control the high-frequency field and resonant frequency of the accelerating cavity to ensure the stable operation of the accelerator and output high-quality particle beams. In order for particle gas pedals to deliver higher quality particle beam streams, high performance electronics are needed to match them. This paper introduces the development and testing of an 8-channel 16bit 12MSPS FMC card for BPM/LLRF applications. Test results show that this design is characterized by low noise and meets the requirements of BPM/LLRF applications.

To address the high demand for precise low current measurements at the Sirius accelerator and its beamlines, a quad-channel high-resolution Ethernet picoammeter has been designed*. The instrument can measure currents ranging from picoampere to milliampere across eight selectable ranges, featuring integrated ADCs enabling sample rates of up to 2 ksps and synchronization capabilities. This work aims to describe the design, characterization, and calibration results of the instrument. Special attention will be given to evaluating trigger latency, synchronization outcomes, as well as the device’s installation and commissioning at beamlines, particularly for critical applications like on-the-fly scanning experiments. Furthermore, we will explore the interplay between trigger period, digital filter bandwidth, and front-end analog bandwidth to optimize signal-to-noise ratio in specific applications.

With the development of precise radiotherapy, high-throughput data transmission has become a critical component of beam diagnostics, i.e. for closed orbit feedback in the synchrotron, beam profile images captured with view screens, and medical images generated at the therapy terminal. As the volume of generated measurement data rapidly increase, the data transmission mode that utilizes traditional Ethernet protocol can not meet the transmission performance requirements. To break the bottleneck, this paper designs a prototype data transmission system based on RDMA technology. By directly transferring memory data between hosts, the system bypasses the operating system kernel and CPU intervention, thereby minimizing transmission latency and enhancing data throughput. The system utilizes the RoCE v2 network protocol and is implemented through the libibverbs dynamic link library to establish stable RDMA sessions and develop corresponding network programs. It uses TCP sockets to exchange control information, ensuring that both parties reach a consistent state before data transmission. Performance evaluations indicate that the network transmission scheme proposed in this paper offers lower latency, higher throughput, and reduced CPU usage compared to schemes using the TCP protocol. Additionally, the optimization of resource management strategies such as the use of Multithreaded Development and Shared Receive Queue ensures the efficient and dynamic management of system resources.

The Time Project Chamber (TPC) serves as the core detector of the CEE spectrometer, which accurately measures dE/dx, momentum information, and charged particle tracks in the final state of large angularly separated reaction products of nuclear reactions at the Cooling Storage Ring External-target Experiment (CEE) at the Heavy Ion Research Facility in Lanzhou (HIRFL). It is used to investigate scientific questions related to the phase structure of low-temperature, high-density nuclear matter and the asymmetric equation of state of high-density, low temperature nuclear matter. A slow control system (SCS) was designed and implemented using the Experimental Physics and Industrial Control System (EPICS) software toolkit to monitor and control the TPC's operation, front-end electronics and environmental conditions in real time in order to achieve precise position and time measurements with this detector. Approximately 6000 control and monitoring information exchanges have been implemented through the process variables (PVs) in this architecture. In this paper, we describe the design of the SCS, its hardware and software components, commissioning and operation, as well as its performance.

Time measurement technology is widely used in modern nuclear physics and partical physics experiments,aerospace and laser ranging etc.As its core technology,time to digital converter(TDC) is increasingly important.This paper presents a high-resolution TDC implemented in Xilinx ZYNQ 7000 device with a new encoder.This design introduces a novel pipeline-multiplexer encoder that realises 'bubble_proof' by using a coarse-fine counter method based on the FPGA carry chain.In comparision to the conventional Wallace tree encoder,the proposed design exhibits reduce hardware and area requirments,as well as a shorter critical path.Additionally,the propagation delay time per delay cell(bin width) is dependent on the temperature and power supply voltage of the hardware circuit,automatic calibration of the ARM is necessary to ensure optical performance.The resolution of differential nonlinearity(DNL) and integral nonlinearity(INL) is approximately 11ps.Gaussian fitting indicates that the precision of this system is within 50ps,which is in accordance with the desired design specification.

The China Spallation Neutron Source (CSNS) is the fourth established pulsed spallation neutron source in the world. With the construction and operation of multiple new neutron instruments, a new generation of streaming data transmission solutions based on message middleware has been formally implemented. This paper presents a streaming data readout and processing software designed to meet the data processing needs of neutron instrument experiments, with a focus on high throughput, high customization, and flexible experimental data analysis. The software has been tested and validated on several neutron instruments at CSNS and is gradually being applied in instrument experiments.

Mass spectrometer, as a type of beam instrument, is capable of measuring and analyzing the mass and charge of different molecules and ions in a sample, thus identifying the type of particles. Mass spectrometer database software is an important part of mass spectrometer, which can realize the function of storing, managing, sharing and analyzing mass spectrometer data. Therefore, the establishment and improvement of specialized mass spectrometry databases and library retrieval techniques can facilitate the rapid identification and confirmation of compounds, providing a more efficient and accurate solution for substance detection. In this paper, a comprehensive mass spectrometry database management system is designed and implemented to simplify the user operation process from the collection, storage and management of mass spectrometry data to the querying, matching and analyzing of the data, providing a fast and accurate solution to meet the needs of scientific research on mass spectrometry data. The software uses Python for the implementation of core algorithms, builds a database based on MySQL and collects mass spectrometry data to fill in the database, and finally uses PyQt to design and implement a friendly and beautiful graphical user interface. With this software, unknown compounds in the samples can be identified and their possible structures and properties can be recognized, which provides a strong support for their application fields.

In the recent project of China Spallation Neutron Source (CSNS), a new designed distributed stream-processing framework is applied as the fundamental schema of data process system on user cooperative instruments. It is constructed with the open-source Apache Kafka software, which aims to aggregate the big data for manipulation sharing, and also with a synchronous trigger and tagging system, which provide synchronous ID for data correlation among different target hitting cycles. Correlated data could be identified among different measurements for aggregative analysis in a high efficient way, which greatly improve the performance of data processing.In concert with the real-time capability on stream-processing platform, WYSIWYG characteristics is achieved either. Performance and adaptability of this technique has been validated during the operation of constructed user cooperative instruments in CSNS. An increasing number of data-processing functions and experiment methods have got benefit from it.

Electronic components in spacecrafts and satellites are subjected to impact of high energy particles and heavy ions. Radiation damage of semiconductor electronic devices depends on linear energy transfer (LET) of the particle in semiconductor material which the device is fabricated of. During radiation testing of electronic components for space applications in particle accelerators we have limited set of ions with fixed energies and LET values due to complexity of adjustment of accelerator systems. According to standard test methods it is necessary to perform tests for several LET values in range from 1 to 100 (MeV*cm^2)/mg. It is possible to e nhance available LET range using special screens with different thickness (degraders) to decrease initial energy of particles and adjust LET value without reset of the accelerator for another ion type or energy. It can significantly reduce complexity and duration of test processing. In this work by numerical calculations we have designed a set of degraders, which enable us to obtain almost any LET value from 1 to 100 (MeV*cm^2)/mg in silicon devices using only four ion types with fixed energies that is acceptable for all test procedures.

During experiments in particle accelerators online monitoring of energy distribution in particle beam is useful for correction of the accelerator setting and parameters. Time of flight (ToF) technique for energy monitoring is well known and approved method, which is used widely. Nevertheless ToF technique requires long flight bases especially for high energy particles and can’t be used to estimate spatial heterogeneity of the particle beam. Semiconductor energy sensors are compact and can be successfully used for these applications. Diodes with p-i-n structure are used for energy monitoring of particles with rages less than thinness of sensitive volume. High energy particles have long ranges in semiconductor materials. For online monitoring of high energy beams in this work we propose and experimentally verified a technique based on determination of linear energy transfer (LET) values of particles using diode structures with p-n junctions. Experimentally obtained LET value enables us to calculate energy if the particle type and diode semiconductor material are known. Proposed technique was successfully experimentally verified.